1. COKES

Coke is a component produced in oil refineries by heating hard coal (600-1200°C). This process takes place in a specially designed coke oven, using combustion gases and limited oxygen availability. It has a higher calorific value than conventional fossil coal.

2. PULVERIZING

After the raw materials have been checked, they are pulverised to a certain grain size. Special machines, which grind the material, transfer the obtained very fine coal dust into special bags and it is sorted according to the grain size.

PITCH

This is a by-product of coking (i.e. roasting without air at 1000-1200°C) of hard coal. Pitch is a dense black liquid.

3. KNEADING

When the coke milling process is completed, it is combined with pitch. Both raw materials are mixed at high temperatures so that the coal can melt and combine with the coke grains.

4. 2ND PULVERIZING

After the mixing process, small carbon balls are formed, which must be milled again into very fine grains.

5. VIBRATION MOLDING

Vibration molding is a discontinuous method of shaping large-sized products. A mold is filled with a pasty mixture, then a heavy metal plate is placed over it. In the next step, the material is compacted by vibrating the mold. The formed solids have higher isotropy in comparison to extruded materials.

6. CARBONIZING

The next and at the same time the longest stage (2-3 months) is baking in the furnace. Evenly pressed material is placed in large furnaces where the temperature reaches 1000°C. To avoid any defects or cracks, the temperature in the furnace is constantly controlled. When baking is finished, the block achieves the desired hardness.

7. PITCH IMPREGNATION

At this stage of the process, the block can be impregnated with pitch and burned again to reduce its porosity. Impregnation is usually done using pitch with a lower viscosity than the pitch used as a binder. A low viscosity is required to fill the gaps more precisely.

8. GRAPHITIZING

At this stage, the matrix of carbon atoms is already arranged in an orderly manner, and the process of transition from carbon to graphite is called graphitizing. Graphitizing is the heating of the produced blocks to a temperature of about 3000°C. After graphitizing, the density, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance are significantly improved and the machining efficiency is increased.

9. GRAPHITE MATERIAL

After graphitization, it is essential to inspect all graphite properties - including grain size, density, bending and compression strength.

10. MACHINING

Once the material is completely ready and inspected, it can be manufactured according to customer documentation.

11. PURIFICATION

If isostatic graphite is used in semiconductor, silicon monocrystalline and atomic energy industries, it requires high purity, so all impurities must be removed by chemical methods. A typical practice of removing impurities of graphite is to place the graphitized product in a halogen gas and heat it to about 2000°C.

12. SURFACE TREATMENT

Depending on the application of graphite, its surfaces can be milled and have smooth surfaces.

13. SHIPMENT

After final machining, the finished graphite detail is packed and sent to the customer.